Mr Rouhani and his aides were blindsided by the offer, presented to them by Emmanuel Macron, the French president, on an unannounced visit last Tuesday night to their quarters at the Millennium Hilton Hotel near the United Nations, where world leaders had converged for the annual General Assembly.

It was a mission lifted out of a Hollywood thriller. Mr Macron has sought for months to broker a thaw in the standoff between the United States and Iran, which has threatened to escalate into a new Middle East war.

Accompanied by a small team of advisers, Mr Macron awaited an answer outside the Iranian leader’s suite, according to three people with knowledge of the diplomatic gambit, which was first reported on Monday by The New Yorker. Messages were passed between them via Mr Rouhani’s aides.

In the end, Mr Rouhani refused even to come out of his room. Mr Macron left empty-handed and Mr Trump was left hanging.

With no guarantee that Mr Trump would end the onerous sanctions he has imposed on Iran, Mr Rouhani feared he would be trapped in an encounter that Mr Trump could exploit as a headline-grabbing success, the people with knowledge of the episode said.

It was also clear that Mr Rouhani might suffer a political backlash at home, where hard-liners were already fuming at the mere possibility that Mr Rouhani would consider a dialogue with Mr Trump.

For the Iranians, however, the incident underscored what they see as Mr Trump’s eagerness, bordering on desperation, to recreate a theatrical moment like he achieved with North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong-un, at their Singapore summit in June 2018.

For them, it was a validation that their strategy of escalating tensions in response to Mr Trump’s “maximum pressure” campaign of sanctions was paying off.

“For Rouhani, talking to Trump is a liability,” said Ali Vaez, director of the Iran programme at the International Crisis Group, a research organisation on conflict resolution.

Mr Rouhani would not take such a risk, Mr Vaez said, unless “he knew a reward would come out of it.”

Mr Trump’s desire for a meeting or at least a phone call with Mr Rouhani during the General Assembly session reflected what some analysts called the American leader’s broader frustrations over international problems that keep piling up.

Those frustrations have only been compounded by the congressional impeachment inquiry over Mr Trump’s phone call with Ukraine’s president in July, in which he pushed for an investigation into former vice president Joe Biden, a leading Democratic challenger in the 2020 presidential election.

“Trump really wants a foreign policy win and can’t find one,” said Cliff Kupchan, chairman of the Eurasia Group, a political-risk consulting firm in Washington.

“He thinks talks with Iran now may be his best shot.”

Mr Kupchan said Mr Trump “was especially desperate at the UNGA – he wanted to flip the news cycle from Ukraine and Biden to a dramatic meeting with Rouhani.”

The people who recounted Mr Macron’s ill-fated visit to Mr Rouhani’s hotel declined to be identified by name or nationality because they were not authorised to discuss it.

The White House did not immediately respond to requests for comment and officials from the foreign ministries of France and Iran declined to comment.

Mr Macron’s visit followed Mr Trump’s speech that day at the General Assembly, in which he repeated his standard denunciations of Iran but signalled the possibility of a reconciliation, reminding the world that some of America’s current friends are former enemies.

But on Wednesday, when it was Mr Rouhani’s turn to address the General Assembly, he appeared to all but rule out a meeting with Mr Trump as he castigated the United States for quitting the 2015 nuclear agreement.

For Iran, Mr Rouhani said, photo opportunities must come after, not before, progress has been achieved.

He did not hint that Mr Trump had tried unsuccessfully to talk with him by phone the night before.

Richard Nephew, the former principal deputy coordinator for sanctions policy at the State Department and now a research scholar at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, said the Iranians had two reasons for keeping such an episode to themselves.

“They don’t see any upside internationally in them embarrassing Macron by showing the rebuff,” Mr Nephew said. “They may want this channel in the future, so why undermine it?”

The second reason, he said, was that “Rouhani may be concerned about how his opponents in Tehran would use this regardless of him having said ‘no.’”

For the members of Iran’s hierarchy, which has largely defined itself by hostility to the United States government since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, any hint of an easing in estranged relations comes with extraordinary political risk.

At the UN General Assembly in particular – the one place where Iranian and US officials could run into each other – Iran’s leaders have gone out of their way to avoid encounters.

In 2000, Bill Clinton and Iran’s president at the time, Mohammad Khatami, had a near encounter at the General Assembly.

Aides on both sides had orchestrated a hallway handshake that was meant to look impromptu, but Mr Khatami had a change of heart at the last minute and hid in a bathroom until Mr Clinton and his party had left the hallway, diplomats who knew about the incident have said.

In 2013, in the midst of the Iran nuclear deal negotiations, US and Iranian officials discussed the possibility of Barack Obama and Mr Rouhani shaking hands at the General Assembly.

Ultimately, the two only shared a phone call — but even that was like a diplomatic thunderbolt, the first time leaders of the two countries had spoken since the Tehran hostage crisis more than three decades earlier. In Iran, hard-liners rebuked Mr Rouhani for having spoken to Mr Obama.

 

The Independent

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