He met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in the morning and was scheduled to meet Russian President Vladimir Putin later.
Kerry has sought to put in the groundwork for a third round of talks involving world powers on the Syrian crisis, but it was unclear if a meeting planned for Friday in New York would go ahead, Reuters reported.
Top of the agenda during the Moscow talks was the role of Syrian President Bashar Assad in any settlement to the conflict, as well as what part the country`s extensive list of militant groups would play.
"I look forward to making real progress," Kerry said at the start of talks. "I think the world benefits when powerful nations with a long history with each other have the ability to be able to find common ground."
He added: "Even when there have been differences between us we have been able to work effectively on specific issues."
A U.S.-led coalition began bombing ISIS in Iraq and Syria after the extremist group swept across the region last year. Russia launched its own airstrikes in September this year in support of its staunch ally Assad, targeting what it said was ISIS positions.
Before the meeting, Kerry and Lavrov agreed on a phone call that they would need to finalize a list of agreed-upon Islamist terror groups, Russian news agency RIA Novosti reported.
The Russian Foreign Ministry issued a statement Monday on the eve of Kerry`s arrival, criticizing what it said was America`s "desire to divide terrorists into `good guys` and `bad guys.`"
John Kerry Aims to Make `Real Progress` With Russia on Syrian Crisis
15 December 2015
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Secretary of State John Kerry said he aims to make "real progress" in ironing out differences with Russia on how to end the conflict in Syria during a visit to Moscow on Tuesday.
