Insp Gen Tito Karnavian said the attackers had been "neutralised" but were linked to groups across Indonesia and were "part of a global network".
The Islamic State (IS) militant group has said it was behind the attack.
It released a statement online saying it had been carried out by "soldiers of the Caliphate", targeting "citizens of the Crusader coalition" against the group.
Authorities have named Bahrum Naim, an Indonesian believed to be fighting with IS in Syria, as the suspected co-ordinator.
Insp Gen Karnavian said Naim`s "vision" is to unite the various IS-supporting groups across South East Asia.
Indonesia - which has been attacked by Islamist militants several times - had been on high terror alert following recent threats issued by IS.
Security forces battled militants for hours on Thursday in a major business and shopping district of Jakarta.
The assault ended when two of the attackers were killed in a suicide bombing, said police, with the other three killed in gun battles.
A Canadian and an Indonesian national, both civilians, also died and at least 20 people were injured.
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