Astronomers are now turning their attention to the planet’s poles and observing Jupiter daily over several months to determine how various components of its auroras respond to different conditions in the solar wind, a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun.
Auroras are created when high-energy particles enter a planet’s atmosphere near its magnetic poles and collide with atoms of gas.
Jupiter’s auroras are huge and hundreds of times more energetic than auroras on Earth – and they never stop, thanks to the planet’s strong magnetic field.
A statement from Nasa said the new observations and measurements would help to better explain how the sun and other sources influence auroras.
Jupiter appearing to be wearing a luminous crown in this Hubble Space Telescope image showing an aurora over one of the planet’s poles.
The images were released as Nasa’s Juno spacecraft hurtled closer toward the solar system’s largest planet, where it will spend a year analysing how Jupiter formed and helped set the stage for life on Earth.
“These auroras are very dramatic and among the most active I have ever seen,” said Jonathan Nichols from the University of Leicester, UK, and principal investigator of the study.
“It almost seems as if Jupiter is throwing a firework party for the imminent arrival of Juno.”
During a 20-month study Juno is expected to circle the gas giant in 37 egg-shaped orbits to measure microwaves radiating from inside the planet’s thick atmosphere, map its massive magnetic field and conduct other experiments.
Scientists are particularly keen to learn how much water Jupiter contains, a key to unlocking the origins of the largest celestial body in the solar system after the sun.
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