The University of Exeter was involved in carrying out the research, which analysed the results of 12 studies published up to July 2017.

These reported the core temperature response of 347 pregnant women to heat stress, either through exercise or through passive heating, such as using a sauna or sitting in a hot bath.

Current advice says that pregnant women should avoid heat stress based on concerns about possible risks of exceeding a core body temperature of 39C during pregnancy.

Their research, which is published online in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, found no woman exceeded the recommended core temperature limit of 39C across all studies.

The highest overall individual core temperature reported was 38.9C, while the highest average core temperature was 38.3C for exercise on land, 37.5C for exercise in water, 36.9C for hot water bathing and 37.6C for sauna exposure.

Based on these results, the researchers say that pregnant women can safely engage in up to 35 minutes of high intensity aerobic exercise (at 80-90% of their maximum heart rate) at air temperatures of up to 25C and 45 per cent relative humidity.

They said they can also safely take part in aqua-aerobic exercise in water temperatures ranging from 28.8C to 33.4C for up to 45 minutes, and sit in hot baths (40C) or hot/dry saunas (70C; 15 per cent relative humidity) for up to 20 minutes, irrespective of pregnancy stage, without reaching the recommended core temperature limit of 39C.

They argued that current guidelines do not clearly define heat stress limits and may therefore be discouraging physical activity during pregnancy, even though it could benefit both mother and child.

The studies they analysed included women at any stage of pregnancy and responses were measured according to intensity and duration of exercise as well as ambient temperature and humidity.

Some also showed a reduction in the rise in core temperature as pregnancy progressed, lending support to the theory that thermal regulation was enhanced during pregnancy.

While the underlying reason for this is unclear, the researchers suspect it may be linked to changes in body mass and surface area.

They pointed out some limitations of their review, such as the small body and varying quality of evidence, and inconsistency in study design.

They suggested more research was needed to identify safe exposure and environmental limits for pregnant women who are physically active in hotter climates, but said their results suggested that heat stress risk was low.

The study was led by Dr Ollie Jay, of the University of Sydney.

He said: "Health guidelines for pregnant women unanimously state that hot water immersion or sauna use should be restricted due to the elevated risk of maternal hyperthermia and the consequent potential impact on foetal development.

"However, our results suggest that heat stress risk is low."

The Independent

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