The scourge that famed historian Robert Wistrich once described as “the longest hatred” is undergoing a frightening contemporary resurgence. From synagogue shootings in Pittsburgh and Poway which grabbed global headlines, to lesser-known but near daily reports of vandalism, threats, and violence, the 21st-century revival of anti-Semitism is unmistakable.

While most attention — justifiably so — focuses on growing anti-Semitism among the far-right, far-left, and Islamic extremists, one traditional source of Jew-hatred has been largely overlooked: Christian anti-Semitism.

This past week’s report that an anti-Semitic attack was carried out earlier in June by 60 Armenian Church students on the eve of the Shavuot holiday in Jerusalem brings to light the centuries-old trend of Christians targeting of Jews, and in this case the ongoing anti-Semitism in Armenia. Beyond that, the incident represents a cautionary tale for both Jewish leaders and the Israeli government as they seek to build global partnerships and alliances.

With major reforms in the Catholic Church (such as Vatican II) that ended centuries of anti-Semitic teachings, as well as the burgeoning movement of Christian Zionism found especially within the Evangelical community, it is easy to presume that Christian anti-Semitism is on the wane.

On a parallel track, given the threat of Islamic terrorism and the tensions of the Arab-Israeli conflict, it is usually a safe assumption that Israel will have stronger alliances with Christian-majority nations than Muslim-majority states.

But facts on the ground occasionally dictate otherwise — particularly in Armenia, one of the world’s oldest Christian nations.

There is abundant evidence of Armenian society displaying systemic anti-Semitism, including high-profile research conducted in recent years. In 2018, a Pew Research Center survey found that 32 percent of Armenians would not accept Jews as fellow citizens. The Anti-Defamation League’s (ADL) latest “Global 100” study, meanwhile, found that a majority of Armenians believe a variety of anti-Semitic stereotypes are “probably true.”

Further, despite their establishment of diplomatic relations shortly after Armenia gained independence in the early 1990s, ties between Israel and Armenia remain woefully underdeveloped — especially compared to Israeli ties with Armenia’s Muslim-majority neighbor, Azerbaijan.

Israel’s deep relationship with Azerbaijan is no accident. Azerbaijan has no history of anti-Semitism (and no contemporary anti-Semitism for that matter), a prosperous Jewish community of its own for over two millennia, and a thriving immigrant community in Israel.

How is it possible that a Muslim nation has warm ties with the world’s only Jewish state, while a Christian country like Armenia is plagued by anti-Semitism and frosty relations with Israel?

First, one must consider the broader environment of religious tolerance in Azerbaijan, which is rooted in proper separation of church and state. In a Gallup International/WI Network of Market Research poll, Azerbaijan ranked as one of the most secular nations among 65 countries surveyed. Azerbaijan’s population is 97-percent Muslim, but the country’s constitution affirms the country as a secular state. The state education system is secular. It is a tremendous statement in support of religious freedom for an overwhelmingly Muslim population to avoid designating any official state religion.

Contrast that with Armenia, where the Armenian Apostolic Church holds significant influence. In the 4th century CE, the Kingdom of Armenia became one of the first states to officially adopt Christianity. The sway that the church holds over the Armenian state continues to this day. The Armenian Apostolic Church holds official status as the national church, despite the fact that Armenia’s Law on Freedom of Conscience establishes the separation of church and state. As such, Armenia is not a purely secular state like Azerbaijan.

At the same time, there is ongoing concern over vestiges of ancient church-based anti-Semitism, particularly in Eastern Orthodox Churches. The ADL has called on these churches to remove ancient anti-Semitic passages in their liturgy and to end the teaching of replacement theology.

Given the central role the Armenian Church still plays in the country, it is perhaps no surprise to see Armenia whitewashing Holocaust history on the state level, Armenian media showing consistently anti-Israel and anti-Semitic tendencies, and most recently the anti-Semitic attack by Armenian Church students in Jerusalem. Without authentic separation of church and state, religiously motivated bias and hate have greater potential to fester among a country’s population.

The contrast with Muslim-majority, yet secular Azerbaijan could not be starker. Azerbaijan has consistently stood up against anti-Semitism, and maintains close defense and economic ties with Israel, and is a bulwark against the threat of Iran.

Jewish and Israeli leaders must keep this historic and present-day context in mind. Don’t judge a nation by its predominant religion. Although conventional wisdom on sources of religious hatred often holds to form, allies can still be found in unexpected places.

The Jerusalem Post

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