Women may have finally smashed through the glass ceiling to join men in the boardroom but when it comes to office temperatures they are yet to come in from the cold.

A new study has shown that air conditioning units are designed for the body temperature and metabolism of men and leave most women shivering .

Most climate control systems in modern offices are based on the resting metabolic rate of a 40-year-old man, which runs up to 30 per cent faster than a woman’s.

So while men are comfortable in the workplace, the majority of women would need conditions to be nearly four degrees warmer, leaving them forced to don jumpers and cardigans in the summer to keep warm.

“The main message is that in the current standards the value for the heat load of a building is based on an average male. This overestimates the metabolic rate of women on average by 20 to 30 per cent,” said lead author Dr Boris Kingma from Maastricht University Medical Centre in the Netherlands.

“We do not recommend a specific range of room temperatures, instead we point out how metabolic rate differs between males and females, and how important it could be to take this into account when defining indoor climate standards.”

The issue of gender bias in air conditioning was thrown into the public consciousness in July when Washington Post journalist Petula Dvorak wrote a column claiming office heating was ‘another big sexist plot.’

“It’s the time of year desperate women rely on cardigans, pashminas and space heaters to make it through the workweek in their frigid offices,” she wrote.

But while supporters across the world applauded her comments, others were quick to blame women for wearing too few clothes in the summer.

“Gosh, it’s almost as if the people wearing heavier clothing might be warmer than the women in linen dresses would be,” said New York blogger Cassy Fiano.

However the new study suggests women really are suffering in a chilly workplace.

When researchers tested young women performing light office work, while dressed in a t-shirt and tracksuit bottoms, they discovered that their optimum temperature was 75F (24.5C). Men, in contrast, were happiest at 71F (22C)



Current air conditioning standards are derived from research conducted in the 1960s which was based on the resting metabolic rate of one 11 stone, 40-year-old man.

Men typically have more heat generating muscle than women and so feel comfortable at cooler temperatures. Metabolic rate also lowers with increasing age which means that an older workforce is likely to need higher office temperatures.

The authors have called for a new system that takes into account gender differences, as well as age and physiological characteristics such as being lean or obese.

“The current standard does not include a variable to account for body composition of building occupants. We show how this could be done in the future,” added Dr Kingma.
They claim it would not only make staff more comfortable but could also cut emissions.

"These findings could be significant for the next round of revisions of thermal comfort standards - which are on a constant cycle of revision and public review - because of the opportunities to improve the comfort of office workers and the potential for reducing energy consumption,” said Dr Joost van Hoof, from Fontys University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands.

"A large scale re-evaluation in field studies may be needed in order to sufficiently convince real-estate developers, standard committees and building services engineers to revise their practises.

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