Reviewing six decades of data, three Chicago researchers found persistent evidence that, when a person abruptly stops taking their antidepressant medication, they can experience symptoms like headaches, insomnia, agitation, diarrhea, anxiety, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms.
The condition — known as antidepressant continuation syndrome — isn't the same thing as drug addiction, because users don't take the drugs to get a "high."
"However," the authors write in a clinical review in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, "with extended use, [antidepressants] can be notoriously difficult to quit because they can produce a state of physical dependence."
Doctors often over-prescribe antidepressants and don't have advice patients on how to best wean themselves off the drugs over time, which leads to patients becoming dependent on them, the authors warn.
"I understand that many people feel safe in that their depression or anxiety is continuously managed by medication. However, these are mind-altering drugs and were never intended as a permanent solution," Mireille Rizkalla, PhD, the lead author of the review, said in a press release.
An increasing number of American are using antidepressants for long periods
According to 2017 CDC data, 12.7 percent of Americans who are 13 or older take antidepressant medication on a monthly basis. This compares to 1999, when an estimated 7.7 percent of people used antidepressants.
Additionally, a quarter of all antidepressant users have taken their medications for 10 or more years.
The study warns that long term use increases patients' risk of developing antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.
Their body is so accustomed to the medication, it makes it even more difficult for patients to come off of their medication because they want to avoid those side effects.
Doctors play an important role in weaning patients off antidepressant medication
The review authors said that one reason patients become dependent on antidepressant medication is because doctors often don't equip them with plans for eventually weaning themselves off of the medication.
"I think we have a real problem with patient care management, when it comes to prescribing antidepressants," Rizkalla, of Midwestern University, said. "We tend to put patients on an SSRI and more or less forget about them." SSRIs, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are a class of antidepressant drugs that help boost the brain's production of the hormone serotonin.
According to Rizkalla, doctors who prescribe a patient these drugs should also provide them with a plan for eventual discontinuation as well as suggestions for promoting their mental health with non-drug methods, like therapy, exercise, or meditation.
In their review, the researchers offered recommendations for how patients should, with the assistance of their doctors, taper their antidepressant use to avoid dependence and antidepressant discontinuation syndrome-related side effects.
They suggested that people who take tricyclic antidepressants gradually lower their dosage over three months, and people who use the SSRI paroxetine take 10 milligrams fewer of their medication every five to seven days, for example.
In doing this, the hope is fewer people become dependent on their medication long term and avoid nasty antidepressant discontinuation syndrome symptoms.
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